Mecanotransdução: Importância de Impor Stress na Reparação Tecidual

Autores

  • Luís Lima Centro Médico de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
  • Diva Jesus Serviço de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
  • Ana Lima Medicina Geral e Familiar, USF Alto da Maia, ACES Maia/Valongo, Portugal
  • Vera Ermida Serviço de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação do Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
  • Adriana Pacheco Escola Superior de Educação Física - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
  • Ivan Pacheco Diretor Médico da Federação de Futebol do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
  • Jorge Caldas Serviço de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação do Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25759/spmfr.254

Palavras-chave:

Lesões, Mecanotransdução Celular, Regeneração, Stresse Mecânico

Resumo

É recorrente observar na prática clínica o aconselhamento médico de repouso por vários dias a semanas após uma lesão desportiva. O atleta é frequentemente aconselhado a manter-se inativo além do período inflamatório agudo, por vezes iniciando a reabilitação apenas várias semanas após lesão. A inatividade prolongada não é geralmente o tratamento mais adequado para lesões musculares, tendinosas, ligamentares e de cartilagem, sejam agudas ou crónicas. Um período prolongado de suspensão total do nível habitual de stress mecânico diminui a resistência estrutural dos tecidos e pode induzir situações de patologia aguda ou crónica após retorno à atividade desportiva habitual.

Importa introduzir precocemente uma carga benéfica na patologia do sistema músculo-esquelético, sendo que carga excessiva ou insuficiente pode ser prejudicial. Na lesão aguda, o stress mecânico deve ser iniciado logo após o controlo da hemorragia e a fase inflamatória inicial. O papel do estímulo mecânico na regulação da proliferação e manutenção celular e da matriz é importante não apenas no osso (conforme descrito há mais de um século pela lei de Wolff), estando demonstrado em todos os tecidos vivos, incluindo pele, tecido neuronal, sistema hematopoiético e sistema músculo-esquelético. A atividade anabólica e catabólica celular é também regulada pelo stress mecânico sobre a superfície celular. O processo de conversão de um sinal mecânico numa resposta química ou biológica denomina-se mecanotransdução.

Os autores realizam uma revisão narrativa onde abordam várias lesões desportivas típicas dos diferentes tecidos do sistema músculo-esquelético, nas quais se demonstrou que o repouso prolongado, apesar de frequentemente aconselhado, não será o tratamento mais adequado. Por fim, apresentam ainda orientações gerais para a aplicação do stress mecânico na abordagem de algumas patologias, em que o repouso inicial é substituído pela carga benéfica, à luz dos princípios da mecanotransdução.

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1.
Lima L, Jesus D, Lima A, Ermida V, Pacheco A, Pacheco I, et al. Mecanotransdução: Importância de Impor Stress na Reparação Tecidual. SPMFR [Internet]. 5 de Agosto de 2017 [citado 21 de Novembro de 2024];29(1):33-9. Disponível em: https://spmfrjournal.org/index.php/spmfr/article/view/254

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